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2021考研英语一答案( 三 )


Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program-in 7, 468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, "we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation," Ferraro says.
That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good for the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _____.
[A] facilitate health care reform.
[B] help poor families get better off.
[C] improve local education systems.
[D] lower deforestation rates.
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that _____.
[A] cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor.
[B] CCT programs have he helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
[C] antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
[D] economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
28. In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _____.
[A] its acceptance level of CCTs.
[B] its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
[C] the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
[D] the role of its forests in climate change.
29. According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that _____.
[A] it will benefit other Asian countries.
[B] it will reduce regional inequality.
[C] it can protect the environment.
[D] it can boost grain production.
30. What is the text centered on?
[A] The effects of a program.
[B] The debates over a program.
[C] The process of a study.
[D] The transferability of a study.
Text 3
As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I've found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

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